- 28 May, 2025
Vatican, 7 May 2025: Before the conclave became the sacred, formal process we recognise today, the election of a Pope was anything but orderly. The Church’s selection of its leader was often chaotic and heavily influenced by political power struggles, both within the clergy and beyond.
In the early centuries of the Church, the election of a Pope was largely in the hands of local clergy, bishops, and sometimes even the laypeople of Rome. Over time, European monarchs and emperors also exercised influence over papal elections, pushing their candidates to the forefront. The process was not bound by clear rules, and many elections became deeply entangled in political and personal rivalries.
Viterbo: The Unlikely Birthplace of the Conclave
In the 13th century, the papacy faced internal strife and instability. Rome, embroiled in violent conflict between the Guelphs and the Ghibellines, was no longer a safe place for the Popes to reside. In 1257, Pope Alexander IV chose to move the papal residence to Viterbo, a small city 90 miles north of Rome.
Viterbo was strategically located and surrounded by defensive walls, making it a safer choice during this tumultuous period. It became the home of nine Popes, but the city would also become the birthplace of the papal election process as we know it today.
A Crisis of Election: The Longest Papal Vacancy in History
The papal election of 1268 marked a turning point. Pope Clement IV had died, leaving the Church without a leader. 19 cardinals gathered in Viterbo to choose his successor, but after months of deadlock, there was still no Pope. The election dragged on for over a year, much to the frustration of the people.
In a bold move, the citizens of Viterbo, led by the captain of the people, Raniero Gatti, decided to take matters into their own hands. They locked the cardinals in the Palace of the Popes, limiting them to only bread and water, hoping this would force a decision. The term "conclave" comes from the Latin cum clave, meaning "with a key," referring to the locked doors of the room where the cardinals were confined.
The First Conclave: Pope Gregory X and the Birth of Modern Papal Elections
After more than three years of election stalemate, the cardinals finally chose Pope Gregory X in September 1271. The extraordinary events surrounding this election led to significant changes in how future papal elections would be conducted.
Pope Gregory X responded to the chaos by issuing the Ubi periculum, an apostolic constitution that set out concrete rules for the papal election process. The new regulations included the practice of secluding the cardinals from the outside world to prevent external interference—a procedure that would evolve into the conclave we know today.
The Lasting Legacy: The Conclave Becomes Canon Law
While the Ubi periculum was a step toward formalising the papal election process, it was not until Pope Boniface VIII incorporated these rules into canon law that the conclave became an official part of Church tradition.
From that point on, the cardinals would gather in secrecy, sealed away from the world, to elect the next Pope. Viterbo’s dramatic influence on the papacy would be felt for centuries to come, and the city earned its place in history as the birthplace of the modern conclave.
Conclusion: The Evolution of Papal Elections
What began in chaos and political unrest in Viterbo eventually led to the system we know today. The conclave, born out of frustration and necessity, transformed papal elections from a disorganised, often politically-driven process into a sacred and structured ritual. The citizens of Viterbo, with their key and their resolve, changed the course of history, ensuring that the papacy would no longer be subject to external pressure or delay.
Today, the conclave remains one of the most secretive and revered rituals in the Catholic Church, a testament to the lessons learned from a small city that played a pivotal role in shaping the papal election process.
Courtesy: Vatican News
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